R/V Sarmiento de Gamboa: a New Vessel for Spanish Marine Research

Peer Reviewe

Humanización en la teoría de la pena y la formación de posgrado

Este resumen se refiere a una maestría profesionalizante en Teoría de la Pena. El objetivo es, a parir de la reflexión desde la teoría que sustenta el derecho de castigar, y a través de las corrientes y enfoques teóricos que forman el contenido de la dogmática penal, presentar estructuralmente los presupuestos y el contenido del programa de esta maestría, orientada a que se proponga determinadamente, concretamente, objetivamente y sustentadamente, por parte de cada cursante, tanto individual como colectivamente, que sea realista y posible, adaptada a la realidad social de acuerdo a cada cultura, valores históricos y experiencias a lo largo del tiempo y desde la visión de cada cursante, para ser aplicada, tanto en el diseño de las penas en un Estado determinado, como en su ejecución, para lograr un control social formal que garantice la finalidad política del Estado de conseguir la seguridad y la armonía en las reglas del juego social, que constituye la razón de ser de lo jurídico universalmente entendido y circunscrito al ámbito de la represión penal que distingue esa parte del derecho como su esencia; es decir el esfuerzo motivado y con referencia a lo que es una política penal coherente con la política criminal del Estado, es decir la pertinencia de las sanciones penales, para conseguir el respeto de los actores sociales al catálogo punitivo de las conductas prohibidas previstas normativamente. Para ello se parte de los conceptos y formulaciones teórico-jurídicas apoyadas en las disciplinas sociales que hacen posible la aplicación de esa política. Los métodos para este objetivo proceden de los mecanismos inductivos que documenta y ofrece la realidad social, para llegar, deductivamente a la estructuración realista de la propuesta que se presenta al final del programa de maestría. Se parte de las teorías que históricamente se han debatido y se debaten en relación a la pena y su ejecución, para llegar a las teorías contemporáneas sobre el tema y el debate que actualmente se ofrece en relación al tema. Los resultados del programa deben presentar el detalle concreto de las propuestas para aplicar la política penal del Estado, tarea que corresponde personal y colectivamente a los cursantes del programa

Subalternity in Costa Rica: educational gaps and opportunities in a globalized and digital society

Este artículo expone algunas reflexiones acerca de las desigualdades que afectan el aprovechamiento de la educación pública costarricense para responder al contexto actual de globalización y desarrollo tecnológico. A partir de aportes teóricos de Chakravorty-Spivak y Freire, se discute la transformación de la alfabetización en el contexto de la cultura digital y las oportunidades que representa para un desarrollo social mucho más equitativo en el país.This article exposes some reflections about the inequalities that affect to take advantage of Costa Rican public education to respond to the current context of globalization and technological development. Based on the theoretical contributions of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Paulo Freire, the transformation of literacy in the context of digital culture is discussed to take advantage of opportunities for a more equitable social development in the country.UCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede de Guanacast

Technological and infrastructure collaborative seismic research in Western Mexico

In February and March 2014, Spanish, Mexican and British scientists and technicians explored the western margin of Mexico, a region with a high occurrence of large earthquakes (> Mw = 7.5) and tsunami generation, on board the British Royal Research Ship James Cook. This successful joint cruise, named TSUJAL, was made possible thanks to a cooperative agreement between NERC and CSIC as part of the Ocean Facilities Exchange Group (OFEG), a major forum of European oceanographic institutions for the exchange of ship time, equipment and personnel. A dense geophysical data set was acquired using for the first time 6 km length seismic streamer facilities from Spain’s Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), usually operating in the Spanish RV Sarmiento de Gamboa, onboard the British RRS James Cook by solving all mechanical, electrical and electronic problems. The RRS James Cook in turn provides the seismic source and the acoustic, hullmounted echosounder operated by the British Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Multiscale seismic and echosounder images unravel the subduction geometry, nature of the crust, and evidence faults and mass wasting processes. The data are crucial to estimating fault seismic parameters, and these parameters are critical to carrying out seismic hazard in Mexico, especially when considering largemagnitude earthquakes (Mw 8.0), and to constrain tsunami models.Peer Reviewe

Ru–CeO2 and Ni–CeO2 Coated on Open-Cell Metallic Foams by Electrodeposition for the CO2 Methanation

CO2 methanation structured catalysts, made by a layer of Ru–CeO2 or Ni–CeO2 (Ru/Ce = 3/97; Ni/Ce = 1/3 and 3/1) on open-cell NiCrAl foams, are prepared by electrodeposition and a subsequent calcination step. The performance of the catalysts at a space velocity of 320,000 mL gcat–1 h–1 in a feedstock with H2/CO2/N2 = 4/1/1 v/v, significantly depends on the Ni content and the preparation method. A low Ru or Ni content promotes the metal–CeO2 interaction, the formation of defects in CeO2 as well as the development of a lower amount of cracks in the coating; however, the catalysts show a poor CO2 conversion and selectivity to CH4. The CH4 production rate at low temperature largely increases for the high Ni loaded catalyst, 68.7 LCH4 gNi–1 h–1 at 350 °C oven temperature. This productivity is similar to the value obtained with a Ni3Ce1 pellet catalyst prepared by the coprecipitation method, a behavior not achievable for low Ru- and Ni-loaded catalysts

OBSEA: a cabled seafloor observatory at the spanish mediterranean coast

The implementation of submarine sensors at regional scale has been considered within the ESFRI Roadmap as a European strategic infrastructure. In this sense European Union has funded projects as ESONET and EMSO that are initiatives to establish a network of long-term deep sea observatories. Within this framework, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation has made an effort, supporting and funding several projects concerning marine platforms at submarine and coastal areas to accomplish these technological challenges. The OBSEA submarine platform was deployed by the BO Sarmiento de Gamboa last 19th May, since then is working properly and only some adjustments have been needed. In this initial period the submarine laboratory OBSEA will be available for ESONET and EMSO communities for testing and developing new sensors, with the advantage of an easily reachable location and online checking through web page.Postprint (published version

Zooplankton and Micronekton Active Flux Across the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean

Quantification of the actual amount of carbon export to the mesopelagic layer by both zooplankton and micronekton is at present a gap in the knowledge of the biological pump. These organisms perform diel vertical migrations exporting carbon through respiration, excretion, mortality, and egestion during their residence at depth. The role of zooplankton in active flux is nowadays partially assessed. However, micronekton active flux is scarcely known and only a few studies addressed this downward transport. Even less is known about the capacity of both communities to export carbon in the ocean. Here, we show the results of zooplankton and micronekton active flux across a productivity gradient in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Biomass vertical distribution from the surface up to 800 m depth by day and night was studied during April 2015 in a transect from 9 degrees S to 25 degrees N, covering from the quite oligotrophic zone off Brazil to the meso- and eutrophic areas of the equator, Guinea Dome, and the oceanic upwelling off Northwest Africa. Zooplankton and micronekton migrant biomass was estimated from day and night catches at different layers of the water column using MOCNESS-1 (1 m(2) mouth area) and Mesopelagos (35 m(2)) nets, respectively. Respiratory flux was assessed by measuring the enzymatic activity of the electron transfer system (ETS) of organisms at depth. Results showed a close relationship between migrant biomass and respiratory flux in zooplankton and micronekton as expected. Using a rather conservative 50% of efficiency for the net used to capture micronekton, respiratory flux resulted in similar values for both communities. Gravitational (passive) flux measured using sediment traps increased from the oligotrophic toward the meso- and eutrophic zones. Total active flux (including respiration and estimated mortality, excretion, and gut flux) by zooplankton and micronekton accounted for about 25% of total flux (passive plus active) in oligotrophic zones. Total active flux also increased toward meso- and eutrophic zones, reaching about 80% of total flux and being at least twofold higher than passive flux. These results alert about an important underestimation of the ocean biological pump using only passive flux measurements

Carbon remineralization by small mesopelagic and bathypelagic Stomiiforms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

The organic carbon resulting from photosynthesis in the upper ocean is transferred downward through the passive sinking of organic particles, physical mixing of particulate and dissolved organic carbon as well as active flux transported by zooplanktonic and micronektonic migrants. Several meso- and bathypelagic organisms feed in shallower layers during the nighttime and respire, defecate, excrete and die at depth. Recent studies suggest that migrant micronekton transport similar amounts of carbon to migrant zooplankton. However, there is scarce information about biomass and carbon flux by non-migratory species in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. The non-migratory bristlemouth fishes (Cyclothone spp.) and partial migrator (A. hemigymnus) remineralise organic carbon at depth, and knowledge about this process by this fauna is lacking despite them having been referred to as the most abundant vertebrates on Earth. Here we show the vertical distribution of biomass and respiration of non-migratory mesopelagic fishes, during day and night, using the enzymatic activity of the electron transfer system (ETS) as a proxy for respiration rates. The study is focused on five Cyclothone species (C. braueri, C. pseudopallida, C. pallida, C. livida and C. microdon) and Argyropelecus hemigymnus. The samples were taken on a transect from the oceanic upwelling off Northwest Africa (20° N, 20° W) to the south of Iceland (60° N, 20° W). Cyclothone spp. showed, by far, the largest biomass (126.90 ± 86.20 mg C·m⁻²) compared to A. hemigymnus (0.54 ± 0.44 mg C·m⁻²). The highest concentrations of Cyclothone spp. in the water column were observed between 400 and 600 m and from 1000 to 1500 m depths, both during day and night. For the different species analysed, ETS activity did not show significant differences between diurnal and nocturnal periods. The total average specific respiration of Cyclothone spp. (0.02 ± 0.01 d⁻¹) was lower than that observed for A. hemigymnus (0.05±0.02 d⁻¹). The average carbon respiration of Cyclothone spp. was 2.22 ± 0.81 mg C·m⁻²·d⁻¹, while it was much lower for A. hemigymnus (0.04 ± 0.03 mg C·m⁻²·d⁻¹). The respiration of Cyclothone spp. was lower in the bathypelagic than in the mesopelagic zone (0.84 ± 0.48 vs 1.36 ± 1.01 mg C·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively). These results, to our knowledge, provide the first account of remineralisation by this community in the meso and bathypelagic zones of the ocean.En prens